Understanding Sciatica: Causes, Symptoms & How Physiotherapy Can Help

What is Sciatica?

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body, originating from the lower spine and running through the hips, buttocks, and down each leg. Sciatica occurs when this nerve becomes irritated, compressed, or inflamed. The result is pain that radiates from the lower back into the buttocks and legs, often affecting only one side of the body.

Sciatica is not a diagnosis in itself but rather a symptom of an underlying condition affecting the sciatic nerve. Understanding the root cause is essential for effective treatment.

Causes of Sciatica

Sciatica can result from various conditions that put pressure on or irritate the sciatic nerve. Some of the most common causes include:

• Herniated Disc: When the soft inner portion of a spinal disc protrudes through its outer layer, pressing against the sciatic nerve.
• Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal that puts pressure on the nerves. More common in older adults.
• Degenerative Disc Disease: Age-related wear and tear of spinal discs that can irritate nerve roots.
• Spondylolisthesis: A condition where one vertebra slips forward over another, leading to nerve compression.
• Piriformis Syndrome: Irritation of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle in the buttocks.
• Injuries or Trauma: Accidents or falls causing inflammation or compression.
• Tumors or Infections (Rare): Uncommon but possible causes of nerve irritation.

Risk Factors

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing sciatica:

• Age: Natural degenerative changes in the spine
• Occupation: Jobs requiring heavy lifting, twisting, or prolonged sitting
• Obesity: Excess weight increases pressure on the spine
• Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of physical activity weakens spinal support
• Diabetes: Can increase risk of nerve damage

Symptoms of Sciatica

Sciatica symptoms can vary from mild to severe and may worsen with prolonged sitting, sudden movements, or sneezing and coughing. Common symptoms include:

• Sharp, shooting pain from the lower back to the buttocks and down the leg
• Numbness or tingling in the leg or foot
• Muscle weakness in the leg, foot, or toes
• Burning sensation along the nerve pathway
• Unilateral pain (typically affects one side of the body)

Severe cases: Loss of bladder or bowel control requires immediate medical attention.

How is Sciatica Diagnosed?

At Bounce Back Physiotherapy, diagnosis begins with:

• Medical History: Understanding symptoms, lifestyle, and injuries
• Physical Examination: Posture, range of motion, strength, reflexes
• Special Tests: Straight leg raise and other maneuvers
• Imaging (if needed): X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to confirm cause

Role of Physiotherapy in Treating Sciatica

Physiotherapy is one of the most effective non-surgical treatments for sciatica. At Bounce Back Physiotherapy, we tailor plans for each patient with goals to relieve pain, restore mobility, strengthen muscles, and prevent recurrence.

Pain Relief Techniques

• Manual Therapy: Gentle mobilization and soft tissue release
• Electrotherapy: IFT, Ultrasound, or TENS for pain and inflammation
• Heat & Cold Therapy for acute pain or spasms

Exercise Therapy

• Stretching: Hamstrings, piriformis, lower back
• Core Strengthening: Stabilizes spine
• Postural Correction: Reduces strain on sciatic nerve

Education & Ergonomics

We guide patients on posture, lifting, and workplace ergonomics to prevent recurrence.

Progressive Rehabilitation

Gradual progression of exercises and activity for full recovery and confidence.

Lifestyle Modifications for Long-Term Relief

• Stay active with walking, swimming, or cycling
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Use supportive chairs; avoid prolonged sitting
• Lift safely by bending at the knees
• Do regular stretching

When is Surgery Needed?

Most cases improve with physiotherapy, but surgery may be needed if:

• Pain persists despite treatment
• Progressive neurological deficits occur
• Bowel or bladder control is lost

Prevention of Sciatica

• Regular core-strengthening exercise
• Maintain good posture
• Avoid prolonged inactivity
• Practice safe lifting techniques

Why Choose Bounce Back Physiotherapy for Sciatica?

At Bounce Back Physiotherapy, we believe in a holistic approach that goes beyond symptom relief. Our focus is on empowering patients through movement, education, and lifestyle support.

• Specialized training in sports and manual therapy
• Evidence-based, personalized treatments
• Integrated pain relief and active rehab
• Focus on long-term recovery and prevention

Our motto: “Movement is Medicine – Heal Through Movement.”